Core engineering and protocols for Calldata Compression & Blobs.
Classical ECDSA signatures require only 65 bytes of calldata. In contrast, an ML-DSA-65 signature requires 3,293 bytes, plus a 1,952-byte public key. On Ethereum Layer-1, publishing 5 KB of calldata at standard gas rates would make basic transactions prohibitively expensive for users. PQCEVM leverages EIP-4844 (Proto-Danksharding).
Signatures only need to be verified at block inclusion; they do not need to reside in Ethereum permanent historical state forever. By placing post-quantum signatures inside ephemeral data availability blobs (which automatically prune after 18 days), transaction gas costs are reduced by over 90% while maintaining absolute cryptographic security.